What Challenges Do Armed Forces Face in Harsh Terrain and Extreme Cold, and How Can Operational Effectiveness Be Maintained?

A Strategic Priority! Polar regions and cold environments hold a pivotal position in current geopolitical and strategic concerns. Global powers are increasing their presence in the Arctic, drawn by its natural resources and the new maritime routes emerging as a result of climate change. France, with its recognised expertise and operational excellence, actively participates in this arena. During international joint military exercises, France contributes specialised troops, including the distinguished 27th Mountain Infantry Brigade (27e BIM).
This article aims to highlight the expertise of the 27e BIM, rooted in its training in mountainous and extreme climatic conditions.

Specific Constraints of Combat in Cold Environments

1. Human and Health Challenges

Extreme temperatures pose significant health risks to soldiers, including frostbite and hypothermia, necessitating tailored medical support. The 27e BIM ensures regular training for its personnel to manage cold-related illnesses, leveraging partnerships with the Armed Forces Health Service and conducting exercises in extreme conditions.

2. Mobility and Logistics

Adverse weather conditions, particularly ice and snow, restrict the use of conventional vehicles and complicate logistics. To address these issues, the 27e BIM develops innovative solutions, such as equipment adapted to low temperatures and strategies for mobility in snowy or frozen terrain. The brigade also employs specialised vehicles, including the High Mobility Vehicle, Tracked Articulated Vehicle, and snowmobiles, all designed for rugged, cold environments.

3. Technological Reliability

Modern electronic systems, essential for digital warfare, suffer performance degradation in extreme cold. In collaboration with the FrenchTechnical Section of the Army (STAT), the 27e BIM contributes to the development of electronic equipment capable of maintaining functionality in hostile conditions.

4. Insufficient Preparation of Non-Specialised Units

While the 27e BIM excels in cold environments, this expertise is largely confined to mountain troops. The brigade seeks to disseminate this knowledge through specialised training programmes, such as the “Mountain and Extreme Cold” acclimatisation module developed by the Mountain Training Group (GAM). These programmes aim to prepare non-specialist units, thereby enhancing the overall capability of the armed forces to operate in cold conditions.

Initiatives by the 27e BIM: Pioneering Adaptation to Cold Environments

1. Training and Knowledge Sharing

The 27e BIM conducts intensive training for its troops as well as for other French and international units. The Mountain Training Group (GAM) offers acclimatisation courses covering tactical, technical, and medical aspects of cold environments. These courses include instruction on using specialised equipment, managing cold-related risks, and conducting operations in extreme conditions.

2. Development of Adapted Equipment

In collaboration with STAT, the 27e BIM tests and develops cold-weather gear. This includes insulating clothing, portable heating systems, and camouflage designed for snowy terrains.

3. Multinational Exercises and Partnerships

The brigade regularly participates in international exercises such as Cold Response (Norway) and Nanook (Canada), sharing and enhancing its expertise. These engagements foster interoperability with allies experienced in polar environments, such as Scandinavian countries and Canada.

4. Unique Medical Expertise

The 27e BIM works closely with the Armed Forces Health Service to adapt medical protocols for cold conditions. Its medical personnel undergo civilian and military training, combining medical knowledge with mountain survival skills.

Strategic Responses to Overcome Challenges

To address these challenges, an integrated approach is essential:

Enhanced Specialist Training: Expand the programmes developed by the 27e BIM to all units likely to operate in cold environments.
Modernisation of Equipment: Develop technologies resilient to extreme temperatures, including robotic solutions and optimised energy systems.
International Cooperation: Learn from Nordic expertise and continue active participation in multinational exercises.
Improved Medical Support: Implement cold-adapted care structures and evacuation chains to ensure effective treatment of casualties.

Conclusion

The flexibility and autonomy of Mountain Troops make them a critical strategic asset in regions characterised by rugged terrain and extreme climates. Current geostrategic challenges in the Arctic, including resource exploitation, environmental concerns, and maritime security, demand an in-depth understanding of this complex and harsh environment, which may become central to future conflicts.

The International Mountain Troops Summit 2025 will provide a unique opportunity to showcase the expertise of French troops and their international counterparts while fostering collective reflection on the necessary adaptations for the future.

Join us at SITM 2025 to tackle the challenges of extreme-environment combat together.